✅ Definition:
Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. This dynamic balance is essential for survival and proper functioning of cells, tissues, and organs.
The term “homeostasis” was coined by American physiologist Walter Cannon in 1926. It derives from Greek: “homeo” meaning “similar” and “stasis” meaning “standing still” or “stability.”
Sensors/Receptors: Detect changes (stimuli) in the internal or external environment (e.g., temperature, pH, glucose levels).
Control Center: Usually the brain or endocrine glands, which process the information and determine the response.
Effectors: Organs or cells that act to correct the imbalance and restore conditions to the normal range.
Body temperature
Blood glucose levels
Blood pressure
pH balance of blood and fluids
Water and electrolyte balance
Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
Thermoregulation: When body temperature rises, mechanisms like sweating and vasodilation cool the body; when it drops, shivering and vasoconstriction conserve heat.
Blood sugar regulation: Insulin and glucagon hormones regulate glucose concentration in the blood.
pH regulation: The respiratory system and kidneys work together to maintain acid-base balance.
Ensures cells operate within optimal conditions.
Prevents damage caused by extreme fluctuations.
Supports metabolic processes and overall health.
Failure in homeostasis can lead to diseases like diabetes (blood sugar imbalance), hyperthermia or hypothermia (temperature imbalance), and acidosis or alkalosis (pH imbalance).
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