Types of Pathology:
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Anatomical Pathology — Focuses on the examination of tissue samples and organs to study disease at the cellular level. This includes:
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Histopathology: The study of tissue samples to look for abnormalities.
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Cytopathology: The study of individual cells to detect diseases like cancer.
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Autopsy: Post-mortem examination to determine the cause of death.
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Clinical Pathology — Involves the examination of bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid to diagnose diseases. It includes:
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Hematology: The study of blood and its disorders.
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Microbiology: The study of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
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Biochemistry: The study of metabolic processes and biomarkers to diagnose conditions.
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Molecular Pathology — This field focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases, studying DNA, RNA, and proteins to understand diseases at the genetic level.
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Forensic Pathology — Involves the investigation of deaths, particularly suspicious or unexplained ones, and determining the cause of death.
Causes of Diseases Studied in Pathology:
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Infections: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can cause diseases.
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Genetic Factors: Inherited mutations or conditions can lead to diseases like cancer or genetic disorders.
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Environmental Factors: Exposure to harmful substances, radiation, or toxins can lead to diseases such as lung cancer or skin conditions.
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Autoimmune Conditions: Diseases where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
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Trauma: Physical injuries leading to tissue damage.
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Degenerative Diseases: Conditions like Alzheimer’s disease or osteoarthritis that involve the gradual deterioration of tissues over time.
Pathology in Disease Diagnosis:
Pathologists play a crucial role in diagnosing diseases by analyzing tissue samples and laboratory tests. Their findings help guide treatment plans, whether that involves surgery, medication, or other therapies. Pathology also helps in understanding the prognosis of a disease, its progression, and potential for recovery.